Science, Volume 384, Issue 6697, 17 May 2024

《科学》，第384卷，6697期，2024年5月17日

化学Chemistry

Delocalized, asynchronous, closed-loop discovery of organic laser emitters

非定域、非同步、闭环有机激光发射器的发现

▲ 作者：FELIX STRIETH-KALTHOFF, HAN HAO, VANDANA RATHORE, JOSHUA DERASP, THéOPHILE GAUDIN, NICHOLAS H. ANGELLO, MARTIN SEIFRID, EKATERINA TRUSHINA, MASON GUY, AND ALáN ASPURU-GUZIK

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9227

▲ 摘要：

比来在尝试主动化和人工智能（AI）集成方面的进展为“主动驾驶尝试室”奠基了根本，但它们依然局限在简单的概念验证尝试。

研究者引入了异步基在云的离域闭环（ACDC）发现的概念，以在单个发现勾当中驱动多个地舆散布的平台，此中每一个单位作为自力的异步工作者运行，履行由中心AI实体打算的尝试。

ACDC概念已成功地利用在寻觅具有最早进激光机能的有机固体激光增益材料，这是一个具有挑战性的科学问题，进展迟缓，从而展现了这类闭环活动的气力。

▲ Abstract：

Recent advances in experimental automation and integration with artificial intelligence (AI) have laid the foundation for so-called “self-driving labs,” but they remained limited to simple proof-of-concept experiments. Strieth-Kalthoff et al. introduced the concept of asynchronous cloud-based delocalized closed-loop (ACDC) discovery to drive multiple geographically distributed platforms in a single discovery campaign in which each unit operates as an independent, asynchronous worker executing experiments planned by a central AI entity. The ACDC concept has been successfully applied in the search for organic solid-state laser gain materials with state-of-the-art lasing performance, a challenging scientific problem with slow progress, thereby demonstrating the power of this closed-loop campaign.

Bandgap-universal passivation enables stable perovskite solar cells with low photovoltage loss

带隙通用钝化使不变的钙钛矿太阳能电池具有低光电压损掉

▲ 作者：YEN-HUNG LIN, VIKRAM, FENGNING YANG, XUE-LI CAO, AKASH DASGUPTA, ROBERT D. J. OLIVER, ALEKSANDER M. ULATOWSKI, MELISSA M. MCCARTHY, XINYI SHEN, AND HENRY J. SNAITH

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2302

▲ 摘要：

金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池的效力和寿命凡是由非辐射缺点介导的电荷重组决议。在这项工作中，我们展现了一种基在蒸汽的氨基硅烷钝化方式，可以将带隙在1.6到1.8电子伏之间的钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电压缺点下降到约100毫伏（ 热力学极限的90%），这对串连利用相当主要。

伯胺、仲胺或叔胺硅烷零丁对钙钛矿结晶度和电荷输运发生负面或几近没有影响，但连系伯胺和仲胺的氨基硅烷的光致发光量子产率可提高60倍，并连结远距离传导。

氨基硅烷处置的器件在85℃的全光谱阳光和开路前提下，在相对湿度为50%至60%的情况空气中，连结95%的功率转换效力跨越1500小时。

▲ Abstract：

The efficiency and longevity of metal-halide perovskite solar cells are typically dictated by nonradiative defect-mediated charge recombination. In this work, we demonstrate a vapor-based amino-silane passivation that reduces photovoltage deficits to around 100 millivolts ( 90% of the thermodynamic limit) in perovskite solar cells of bandgaps between 1.6 and 1.8 electron volts, which is crucial for tandem applications. A primary-, secondary-, or tertiary-amino–silane alone negatively or barely affected perovskite crystallinity and charge transport, but amino-silanes that incorporate primary and secondary amines yield up to a 60-fold increase in photoluminescence quantum yield and preserve long-range conduction. Amino-silane–treated devices retained 95% power conversion efficiency for more than 1500 hours under full-spectrum sunlight at 85°C and open-circuit conditions in ambient air with a relative humidity of 50 to 60%.

物理学Physics

Global band convergence design for high-performance thermoelectric power generation in Zintls

Zintls高机能热电发电的全球波段收敛设计

作者：XIN SHI, SHAOWEI SONG, GUANHUI GAO, AND ZHIFENG REN

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn7265

▲ 摘要：

Zintl材料因为其普遍的成份和可调的性质，在热电利用中具有吸引力。作者设计了一种方式，可以快速找到四种母体化合物中哪些材料具有改良热电机能的电子能带布局。

经由过程对几种成份的判定，注解此中的最好成份具有杰出的持久和高温不变性。这类化合物可以与另外一种锌钛材料配对，制成在中等温度下具有吸引力的热电机能的装配。

▲ Abstract：

Zintl materials can be attractive for thermoelectric applications because of their wide range of compositions and tunable properties. Shi et al. devised a method to quickly find which materials from four parent compounds have electronic band structures that improve thermoelectric performance. After identifying several compositions, the authors showed that the best of these has good long-term and high temperature stability. This compound can be paired with another zintl material to make a device that has attractive thermoelectric performance at midrange temperatures.

Diamond-lattice photonic crystals assembled from DNA origami

由DNA折纸组装的钻石晶格光子晶体

▲ 作者：GREGOR POSNJAK, XIN YIN, PAUL BUTLER, OLIVER BIENEK, MIHIR DASS, SEUNGWOO LEE, IAN D. SHARP, AND TIM LIEDL

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2733

▲ 摘要：

胶体自组装答应在微米和亚微米标准上公道设计布局。一种可以发生完全的三维光子带隙的布局是金刚石立方晶格，它依然很难在与可见光或紫开云体育app外光波长相当的长度标准上实现。研究者展现了由DNA折纸自组装的三维光子晶体，作为切确可编程的斑块胶体。

这一基在DNA的纳米级四足动物结晶成一个周期为170纳米的棒状毗连的金刚石立方晶格。这类布局可以作为高折射率材料（如二氧化钛）原子层沉积的支架，在近紫外中发生可调谐的光子带隙。

▲ Abstract：

Colloidal self-assembly allows rational design of structures on the micrometer and submicrometer scale. One architecture that can generate complete three-dimensional photonic bandgaps is the diamond cubic lattice, which has remained difficult to realize at length scales comparable with the wavelength of visible or ultraviolet light. In this work, we demonstrate three-dimensional photonic crystals self-assembled from DNA origami that act as precisely programmable patchy colloids. Our DNA-based nanoscale tetrapods crystallize into a rod-connected diamond cubic lattice with a periodicity of 170 nanometers. This structure serves as a scaffold for atomic-layer deposition of high–refractive index materials such as titanium dioxide, yielding a tunable photonic bandgap in the near-ultraviolet.

行动学Ethology

Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)

东西的利用增添了南边海獭的机械寻食成功率和牙齿健康

▲ 作者：CHRIS J. LAW , M. TIM TINKER, JESSICA A. FUJII, TERI NICHOLSON, MICHELLE STAEDLER, JOSEPH A. TOMOLEONI, COLLEEN YOUNG AND RITA S. MEHTA

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608

▲ 摘要：

固然东西的利用可以提高资本操纵率，但其顺应度效益难以权衡。经由过程对196只带有没有线电标识表记标帜的南边海獭的纵向数据进行研究，研究者发现利用东西的个别，特殊是雌性，可以或许取得更年夜或更硬壳的猎物。

这些机械优势转化为削减食物加工进程中牙齿的毁伤。作者还发现，东西的利用削减了获得分歧猎物、牙齿状态和能量摄取之间的衡量，所有这些都取决在情况中猎物的相对可用性。

东西的利用使个别可以或许经由过程处置其他猎物来保持能量需求，而这些猎物凡是仅靠撕咬是没法取得的，这注解这类行动是一些水獭在首选猎物枯竭的情况中保存的需要前提。

▲ Abstract：

Although tool use may enhance resource utilization, its fitness benefits are difficult to measure. By examining longitudinal data from 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters, we found that tool-using individuals, particularly females, gained access to larger and/or harder-shelled prey. These mechanical advantages translated to reduced tooth damage during food processing. We also found that tool use diminishes trade-offs between access to different prey, tooth condition, and energy intake, all of which are dependent on the relative prey availability in the environment. Tool use allowed individuals to maintain energetic requirements through the processing of alternative prey that are typically inaccessible with biting alone, suggesting that this behavior is a necessity for the survival of some otters in environments where preferred prey are depleted.

How power shapes behavior: Evidence from physicians

权利若何塑造行动：来自大夫的证据

▲ 作者：STEPHEN D. SCHWAB AND MANASVINI SINGH

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl3835

▲ 摘要：

权利——对贵重资本的不合错误称节制——影响着年夜大都人类互动。虽然用真实世界的数据来研究权利具有挑战性，但一个怪异的数据集使我们可以或许在医患关系的要害布景下进行研究。在美国军事急诊科利用150万准随机分派，研究者查抄了大夫和病人之间的权利差别若何影响大夫的行动。

研究成果注解，权利付与了非统一般的优势：“高权利”的病人比划一地位的“低权利”的病人取得更多的资本和更好的成果。病人的提升乃至增添了大夫的尽力。

另外，假如低权利的病人的大夫同时赐顾帮衬高权利的病人，他们就会感应疾苦。医患在种族和性别方面的一致性也很主要。整体而言，权利驱动的行动变异会危险卫生保健机构中最懦弱的人群。

▲ Abstract：

Power—the asymmetric control of valued resources—affects most human interactions. Although power is challenging to study with real-world data, a distinctive dataset allowed us to do so within the critical context of doctor-patient relationships. Using 1.5 million quasi-random assignments in US military emergency departments, we examined how power differentials between doctor and patient (measured by using differences in military ranks) affect physician behavior. Our findings indicate that power confers nontrivial advantages: “High-power” patients (who outrank their physician) receive more resources and have better outcomes than equivalently ranked “low-power” patients. Patient promotions even increase physician effort. Furthermore, low-power patients suffer if their physician concurrently cares for a high-power patient. Doctor-patient concordance on race and sex also matters. Overall, power-driven variation in behavior can harm the most vulnerable populations in health care settings.

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