Science, 14 JUN 2024, VOL 384, ISSUE 6701

《科学》2024年6月14日，第384卷，6701期

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材料科学Materials Science

Spectrally engineered textile for radiative cooling against urban heat islands

经由过程辐射冷却匹敌城市热岛效应的光谱工程纺织品

▲ 作者：RONGHUI WU, CHENXI SUI et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0653

▲ 摘要：

我们经由过程份子设计开辟了一种中红外光谱选择性分层织物（SSHF），其发射率在年夜气透射窗口中占主导地位，最年夜限度地削减了来自四周情况的净热增益。

因为纳米微夹杂纤维布局的强烈米氏散射，这一材料具有0.97的高太阳光谱反射率。当材料在白日被垂直放置在摹拟室外城市场景中时，它比太阳反射宽带发射器低2.3°C，而且具有超卓的可穿着机能。

▲ Abstract：

We developed a mid-infrared spectrally selective hierarchical fabric (SSHF) with emissivity greatly dominant in the atmospheric transmission window through molecular design, minimizing the net heat gain from the surroundings. The SSHF features a high solar spectrum reflectivity of 0.97 owing to strong Mie scattering from the nano-micro hybrid fibrous structure. The SSHF is 2.3°C cooler than a solar-reflecting broadband emitter when placed vertically in simulated outdoor urban scenarios during the day and also has excellent wearable properties.

海洋化学Ocean Chemistry

Biogenic-to-lithogenic handoff of particulate Zn affects the Zn cycle in the Southern Ocean

锌颗粒的生-岩转换影响南年夜洋中的锌轮回

▲ 作者：J. DUAN, R. CLOETE et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh8199

▲ 摘要：

锌（Zn）对海洋生物相当主要。浮游植物对锌的积极接收致使消融锌的年夜量耗损，而与颗粒有机物连系的锌经由过程再矿化感化弥补海洋中的消融锌。但是，我们发现锌颗粒从细胞中与磷酸基连系的锌改变为南年夜洋水柱中包罗生物二氧化硅、黏土、铁、锰和铝的氧化物的固开云体育app执无机池。

无机池的品貌随深度增添而增添，是沉积物中独一保留的。锌颗粒形态的转变影响了锌的生物操纵度，并注释了水柱中锌与磷的解耦，和锌与硅的相干性。这些发现揭露了海洋锌轮回的一个新维度，暗示了无机锌颗粒的感化和其对生物出产力的影响。

▲ Abstract：

Zinc (Zn) is vital to marine organisms. Its active uptake by phytoplankton results in a substantial depletion of dissolved Zn, and Zn bound to particulate organic matter replenishes dissolved Zn in the ocean through remineralization. However, we found that particulate Zn changes from Zn bound to phosphoryls in cells to recalcitrant inorganic pools that include biogenic silica, clays, and iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides in the Southern Ocean water column. The abundances of inorganic pools increase with depth and are the only phases preserved in sediments. Changes in the particulate-Zn speciation influence Zn bioavailability and explain the decoupling of Zn and phosphorus and the correlation of Zn and silicon in the water column. These findings reveal a new dimension to the ocean Zn cycle, implicating an underappreciated role of inorganic Zn particles and their impact on biological productivity.

地球科学Earth Science

Human activities shape global patterns of decomposition rates in rivers

人类勾当塑造了全球河道分化速度模式

▲ 作者：S. D. TIEGS, K. A. CAPPS et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1262

▲ 摘要：

操纵纤维素为根本的阐发来反应植物碎屑的首要成份，我们为全球散布的514条河道中的纤维素分化率成立了一个猜测模子。分化率猜测中存在年夜量主要的变量，这强调了这一进程在全球规模内的复杂性。

当猜测的纤维素分化率与属级凋谢叶质量属性相连系时，可以高精度地注释此前研究已得出的凋谢叶分化率。我们的全球研究供给了地球上年夜量未被研究区域的分化率估量，并揭露了人类勾当主导的年夜陆标准区域中存在的快速分化环境。

▲ Abstract：

Using a cellulose-based assay to reflect the primary constituent of plant detritus, we generated a predictive model (81% variance explained) for cellulose decomposition rates across 514 globally distributed streams. A large number of variables were important for predicting decomposition, highlighting the complexity of this process at the global scale. Predicted cellulose decomposition rates, when combined with genus-level litter quality attributes, explain published leaf litter decomposition rates with high accuracy (70% variance explained). Our global map provides estimates of rates across vast understudied areas of Earth and reveals rapid decomposition across continental-scale areas dominated by human activities.

物理Physics

Probing structural superlubricity of two-dimensional water transport with atomic resolution

用原子分辩率探测二维冰的超润滑现象

▲ 作者：DA WU, ZHENGPU ZHAO et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1544

▲ 摘要：

在这项研究中，我们利用qPlus型扫描探针显微镜直接成像石墨烯和六方氮化硼概况上二维冰的原子布局和输运。因为概况静电的分歧，二维冰岛的晶格与石墨烯概况不相当，而与氮化硼概况相当。

石墨烯概况的面积归一化静磨擦跟着冰岛面积的增添而减小（约-0.58），注解石墨烯具有超润滑行动。比拟之下，氮化硼的磨擦对面积不敏感。份子动力学摹拟进一步注解，石墨烯上的冰岛磨擦系数可以下降到小在0.01。

▲ Abstract：

In this work, we directly imaged the atomic structure and transport of two-dimensional water islands on graphene and hexagonal boron nitride surfaces using qPlus-based atomic force microscopy. The lattice of the water island was incommensurate with the graphene surface but commensurate with the boron nitride surface owing to different surface electrostatics. The area-normalized static friction on the graphene diminished as the island area was increased by a power of ~–0.58, suggesting superlubricity behavior. By contrast, the friction on the boron nitride appeared insensitive to the area. Molecular dynamic simulations further showed that the friction coefficient of the water islands on the graphene could reduce to 0.01.

医学Medicine

Integrated platform for multiscale molecular imaging and phenotyping of the human brain

人脑多标准份子成像和表型的集成平台

▲ 作者：JUHYUK PARK, JI WANG, WEBSTER GUAN et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9979

▲ 摘要：

我们开辟了一个平台，可以同时从统一小我的年夜脑中提取单个细胞的空间、份子、形态和毗连信息。该平台包罗三个焦点元素：用在年夜范围组织的超周详切片而不掉去细胞连通性的振动切片机（MEGAtome），用在人体器官标准组织的多路多标准成像的聚合物水凝胶组织处置手艺（mELAST），和用在重建多个脑板之间三维连通性的计较管道（UNSLICE）。我们操纵这个平台在多个标准上阐发人类阿尔茨海默病的病理，并展现人类年夜脑中可扩大的神经毗连映照。

▲ Abstract：

We developed a platform that simultaneously extracts spatial, molecular, morphological, and connectivity information of individual cells from the same human brain. The platform includes three core elements: a vibrating microtome for ultraprecision slicing of large-scale tissues without losing cellular connectivity (MEGAtome), a polymer hydrogel–based tissue processing technology for multiplexed multiscale imaging of human organ–scale tissues (mELAST), and a computational pipeline for reconstructing three-dimensional connectivity across multiple brain slabs (UNSLICE). We applied this platform for analyzing human Alzheimer’s disease pathology at multiple scales and demonstrating scalable neural connectivity mapping in the human brain.

Metabolic inflexibility promotes mitochondrial health during liver regeneration

代谢不矫捷性在肝脏再生进程中增进线粒体健康

▲ 作者：XUN WANG, CAMERON J. MENEZES et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj4301

▲ 摘要：

我们陈述在肝脏再生进程中，因为没法经由过程线粒体β氧化从外周脂肪酸发生乙酰辅酶a，电子传递链（ETC）功能掉调的肝细胞的增殖遭到按捺。丙酮酸或醋酸酯发生乙酰辅酶a的可选模式在ETC功能障碍的环境下遭到按捺。

这类代谢不矫捷性迫使对ETC功能线粒体发生依靠，从丙酮酸中恢复乙酰辅酶a的发生足以使ETC功能掉调的肝细胞增殖。我们提出，经由过程限制ETC功能掉调细胞的扩大，可使得肝细胞内的代谢不矫捷性变得有益。

▲ Abstract：

We report that during liver regeneration, proliferation is suppressed in electron transport chain (ETC)–dysfunctional hepatocytes due to an inability to generate acetyl-CoA from peripheral fatty acids through mitochondrial β-oxidation. Alternative modes for acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate or acetate are suppressed in the setting of ETC dysfunction. This metabolic inflexibility forces a dependence on ETC-functional mitochondria and restoring acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate is sufficient to allow ETC-dysfunctional hepatocytes to proliferate. We propose that metabolic inflexibility within hepatocytes can be advantageous by limiting the expansion of ETC-dysfunctional cells.

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